Heroin, also known as diamorphine,
is an opiate analgesic first synthesized in 1874 by the English
chemist and lecturer on chemistry in St. Mary’s Hospital Medical
School, C. R . Alder Wright who cooked morphine with acetic anhydride
and obtained a white crystalline powder. Little used or even examined
over the next twenty years, the substance known then as diacetyl morphine proved
to be eight times as powerful a pain-killer as morphine.
It was Heinrich Dreser (1860 –
1924 ), the chief pharmacologist at the German pharmaceutical company 'Bayer
AG who pursued investigation into this new morphine derivative. Dresler
was responsible for both the aspirin (ie Bayer Aspirin) in
association with colleague, Felix Hoffman and the heroin research projects'.
That is, he was instrumental in the development of the most successful legal
drug in the world (aspirin) as well as the most successful illegal drug
(heroin). Later, he was also a major contributor to the most the widely used
modern drug, Codeine.
Bayer launched its new analgesic in 1899 under the trade name Aspirin, just one year after it had launched heroin as a cough suppressant. This new cough treatment was called Heroin, a name likely derived from the German word for 'powerful' (heroisch).
Bayer launched its new analgesic in 1899 under the trade name Aspirin, just one year after it had launched heroin as a cough suppressant. This new cough treatment was called Heroin, a name likely derived from the German word for 'powerful' (heroisch).
Before it hit the market, Dreser had
tested the new product on stickleback fish, frogs, rabbits, on some of Bayer's
workers as well as on himself. The workers loved it, some saying it made them
feel 'heroic' or 'powerful' (heroisch).
In November 1898, Dreser presented the
drug to the Congress of German Naturalists and Physicians, claiming it was 10
times more effective as a cough medicine than codeine, but had only a tenth of
its toxic effects. It was also more effective than morphine as a painkiller. It
was safe. It wasn't habit-forming. In short, it was a wonder drug.
Tuberculosis and pneumonia were then the
leading causes of death, and even routine coughs and colds could be severely
incapacitating. Heroin, which both depresses respiration and, as a sedative,
gives a restorative night's sleep, seemed a godsend. Heroin filled the
desperate need of the time, not for a pain-killer but rather for a remedy for
the cough.
The initial response to its launch was
overwhelmingly positive. Free samples were sent out by the thousand to
physicians in Europe and the US. The label on the samples showed a lion and a
globe. (There is a notorious brand of Burmese heroin, Double Globe, that
uses remarkably similar packaging today.)
By 1899, Bayer was producing over a ton
of heroin a year, and exporting the drug to 23 countries, most of it to the US,
where there was already a large population of morphine addicts. Manufacturers
of cough syrup were soon lacing their products with Bayer heroin.
There were heroin pastilles, heroin
cough lozenges, heroin tablets, water-soluble heroin salts and a heroin elixir
in a glycerine solution. Bayer never advertised heroin to the public but the
publicity material it sent to physicians was unambiguous. One flyer described
the product: 'Heroin: the Sedative for Coughs . . . order a supply from your
jobber'.
The Boston Medical and Surgical
Journal in 1900 wrote: 'It's not hypnotic, and there's no danger of
acquiring a habit'.
By 1902, when heroin sales were
accounting for roughly five percent of Bayer's net profits and French and
American researchers were reporting cases of 'heroinism' and addiction.
'Double Globe' Heroin |
In 1906, the American Medical
Association approved heroin for medical use, though with strong
reservations about a 'habit' that was 'readily formed'.
But with the accumulation of negative
reports, the heroin bubble eventually burst. But for Bayer and Dreser, the
financial 'hole' was easily filled by their other even more famous
product, Aspirin.
In 1913, Bayer decided to stop
making heroin. There had been an explosion of heroin-related admissions at New
York and Philadelphia hospitals, and in East Coast cities a substantial
population of recreational users was reported. Some of these users supported
their habits by collecting and selling scrap metal and came to be known as 'junkies'.
Prohibition seemed inevitable and, sure enough, the next year the use of heroin
without prescription was outlawed in the US.
Junkies |
In 1924, fifty years after the drug
had first been synthesized, the US banned the use and manufacture of heroin
altogether, even for medical purposes. Today, in the United Kingdom, the
medical use of heroin is still legal and accounts for 95 percent of the world's
legal heroin consumption.
The same year as the US banned the use
of heroin, Dreser died of a stroke. Conceivably, he might have been able to
avert the stroke by simply taking an aspirin a day (a common recommendation by
physicians today). Dreser had been taking one of the products produced by
Bayer, however. The pharmacist had spent his twilight years taking a daily dose
of the wrong wonder drug, heroin.
The impact of Aspirin has been enormous,
bringing in billions for Bayer even today when aspirin (ASA) is manufactured
generically. The impact of heroin is harder to assess. In 1898, there were an
estimated 250,000 morphine addicts in the US (twice as high as today, per
capita). But the appearance of heroin played a crucial role in cementing
the link between drug abuse and crime.
Heroin in a Bottle-Bayer |
The Mafia and the Heroin Trade |
Today, heroin use in Britain and the US is increasing faster than at any time since the 1960s: heroin seizures rose by 135 percent between 1996 and 1997. There are thought to be between 160,000 and 200,000 heroin addicts in the UK.
The other great change resulting from
Dreser's marketing of a faster-acting and more conveniently consumed opiate has
been a change in the profile of the average opiate abuser. In 1898, the typical
morphine addict in Britain or the US was a middle-class woman in her forties.
Today's typical addict is an 18-year-old male.
As with any human endeavour, the manufacture of heroin has
evolved. Today, heroin comes in various forms.
Pure heroin is a white powder with
a bitter taste. The wide hue of color ranges in heroin is due to the impurities
left from the manufacturing process or the presence of additives. Heroin is
typically sold as a white or brownish powder or as the black sticky substance
known on the streets as 'black tar heroin.'
Although purer heroin is becoming more
common, most street heroin is 'cut' with other drugs or with substances such as
sugar, starch, powdered milk, or quinine. Street heroin can also be cut
with strychnine or other poisons. Because heroin abusers do not know
the actual strength of the drug or its true contents, they are risking overdose
and possible death with each purchase of the drug.
Brown (base) heroin is what's known
as a 'base' rather than a salt, which means it doesn't dissolve in water very
well. It is less pure than white heroin, making it less strong in the same
quantities. Brown heroin burns at a lower temperature than white heroin, making
it ideal for smoking and is much easier to make than white heroin.
White (pure) heroin is a lot more
difficult to manufacture than brown heroin. It requires an extra process that
turns it into a salt, making it very pure and water-soluble. However, special
chemicals, expertise and equipment are required and the last stage of the
process can be very dangerous - it involves the use of ether which
can explode and destroy an entire laboratory. Because white heroin is a salt it
burns at a much higher temperature than brown heroin, so it is not much good
for smoking. White heroin dissolves in very easily in water, making this
variety the preferred method among intravenous users.
Black tar heroin is mainly produced
in Mexico. The color may vary from dark brown to black and may be sticky like
roofing tar or hard like coal. The color and consistency of black tar heroin
result from the crude processing methods used to illicitly manufacture heroin
in Mexico.
Black tar heroin is most frequently
dissolved, diluted, and then injected. Black tar heroin addicts place a small
amount of black tar heroin in a spoon. The spoon they use is bent so that it
sits level without spilling the heroin when it is placed on a table. Then they
add a small amount of water and it is heated over a flame. Once the black tar
heroin has melted, it is drawn up into a syringe and injected.
This method of administration poses special problems because of the transmission of HIV and other diseases that can occur from sharing needles or other injection equipment. Black tar heroin is cheaper and faster to produce than true heroin producing a 'high' that usually lasts from four to six hours.
This method of administration poses special problems because of the transmission of HIV and other diseases that can occur from sharing needles or other injection equipment. Black tar heroin is cheaper and faster to produce than true heroin producing a 'high' that usually lasts from four to six hours.
The origins of the present international
illegal heroin trade can be traced back to laws passed in many countries in the
early 1900s that attempted to regulate the production and sale of opium (and
its derivatives such as heroin). At first, heroin flowed from countries where
it was still legal into countries where it was no longer legal. By the
mid-1920s, heroin production had been made illegal in many parts of the world.
An illegal trade developed at that time between heroin labs in China (mostly in
Shanghai and Tianjin) and other nations.
Heroin trafficking was virtually
eliminated in the U.S. during WWII because of temporary trade disruptions
caused by the war. Japan's war with China had cut the normal distribution
routes for heroin and the war had generally disrupted the movement of
opium. After World War II, organized crime took advantage of the
weakness of the postwar Italian government and set up heroin labs in Sicily,
along the historic route taken by opium from east to west into Europe and the
United States. At about the same time, with the Communist takeover in China in
1949, large-scale international heroin production effectively ended in China
further supporting Sicily's role in the heroin trade.
Although it remained legal in some
countries until after World War II, health risks, addiction, and widespread
recreational use led most western countries to declare heroin a controlled
substance by the latter half of the 20th century.
In late 1960s and early 1970s,
the anti-Communist Chinese Nationalists supported by the C.I.A. settled
near China's border with Burma (Myanmar) which led to the development of
the Golden Triangle opium production region, which supplied about
one-third of heroin consumed in US after 1973 American withdrawal from Vietnam.
As of 1999, Burma, the heartland of the Golden Triangle remained the second
largest producer of heroin, after Afghanistan.
By 1980, 60% of all the heroin sold in
the U.S. originated in Afghanistan.
The onset of heroin's effects depends
upon the how the drug is taken. Studies have shown that the subjective pleasure
of drug use (the reinforcing component of addiction) is proportional to the
rate at which the blood level of the drug increases. Intravenous injection is
the fastest route of drug administration, causing blood concentrations to rise
the most quickly, followed by smoking, suppository (anal or
vaginal insertion), snorting, and swallowing.
Large doses of heroin can cause
fatal respiratory depression, and the drug has been used for suicide or as a
murder weapon. The serial killer Dr. Harold Shipman used heroin on his
patient/victims, as did Dr. John Bodkin Adams (see post: Death by
Physician).
Respiratory depression (loss of
spontaneous breathing) is the most common cause of lethal overdose of heroin.
Many in the entertainment industry have fallen victim to this disease of
addiction. Heroin overdose, whether by accident or by purposeful suicide or
homicide is part of a sad history, sometimes resulting in the 'Last song of the
Opium Eaters'.
*The history of drug addiction: subject
of research for the novel Whip the Dogs -
Amazon Kindle
You are absolutely right that death toll is being enhanced rapidly. There are a lot of drugs that we look around us but the DMT is the worst one without fail.
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